The History On Spina Bifida Spinal Cord

The History On Spina Bifida Spinal Cord Spina Bifida The founder of Spina Bifida is Professor Nicholas Tulp. Professor Nicholas Tulp gave spina bifida its name. It is estimated that Spina Bifida occurred almost 12,000 years ago. Spina Bifida is a birth defect that involves the incomplete development of the spinal cord. Spina Bifida is Latin for open spine. It is the most common permanently disabling birth defect in the United States, according to the Spina Bifida Association. There are three forms of Spina Bifida, Occulta, Meningocele, and Myelomeningocele. Spina Bifida Occulta is the mildest form of Spina Bifida (occulta means hidden) and it is the most common. Affected individuals have a small defect or gap in one or more of the vertebrae of the spine Spina Bifida Meningocele is the rarest form because it consists of a cyst or fluid-filled sac pokes through the open part of the spine. Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele is the most severe form because it consists of a fully exposed section, or hole of the spinal cord and nerves. This birth defect occurs seven out of every ten thousand livebirths in the United States. As terrifying as this disease sounds, or may seem, it does not affect a persons life span. A person with Spina Bifida, as long as they take care of themselves, can live as long as life will let them live because it CAN be treated. Spina Bifida Occulta usually requires NO treatment, and individuals dont know if they are affected unless they are diagnosed with an x-ray. Some other symptoms are pain(in the back/or hind legs), weakness in the legs, numbers and/or other changes in sensation in the legs and/or back, orthopedic deformities, in the legs, feet, and back, and change in bladder or bowel function. Sometimes you can even see a dimple, tuft of hair, or even a red mark on the lower section of the back. There is also a possibility of skin defects in the lower back, like Hairy patch, Fatty lump, HemangiomaNa reddened or purplish spot on the skin made up of a collection of blood vessels, Dark spots or biri the blue-black marks called Mongolian spots, Skin tract (tunnel) or sinusNsometimes noted on the back as a deep dimpleNespecially if it is too high, i.e higher than the top of the buttocks crease, or if its bottom cannot be seen, and Hypopigmented spotNan area with decreased skin color. Spina Bifida Meningocele is treated surgically. Affected babies usually have no paralysis(loss or ability to move). However, a small number of affected children develop hydrocephalus ( a medical term meaning fluid on the brain) and bladder problems. Doctors monitor affected children carefully, so that they can treat any complications promptly. Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele also is treated with surgery, within twenty four to forty eight hours after birth. As soon after surgery as possible, a physical therapist teaches parents how to exercise their babys legs and feet to prepare for walking with leg braces and crutches. Studies show that about 60 percent of affected children can walk with or without these devices, although many children will require a wheelchair. All diseases are caused by something. The actual cause of Spina Bifida is unknown, but there are many hypothesizes. Some doctors think that the cause is from the lack of folic acid during pregnancy. Some doctors think that the cause of Spina Bifida is from both genetic and environmental factors acting together. The fact of wether Spina Bifida is dominant, recessive, or multi-factorial is also unknown. Doctors have a looked into the fact that some populations might get Spina Bifida more than others. The study examines relative risk and the likelihood that one group is more likely to have Spina Bifida than another group. Spina Bifida is more likely to occur in the Hispanic population. In second comes the White population, and in third comes the American Indian / Alaskan Native population. In fourth we have the Black population, and last but certainly not least we have the Asian / Pacific Islander population that is least at risk. In conclusion Spina Bifida is a very serious disease, that is not life threatening. There are three forms of Spina Bifida, Occulta, Meningocele, and Myelomeningocele. Spina Bifida Occulta is the most common form, where as Spina Bifida Meningocele is the rarest form. Spina Bifida Myelomeningocele is the most severe form. The disease, Spina Bifida, can be treated, surgically, and medically. People with Spina Bifida have very bright lives ahead of them. They are very strong to live with this type of disease, but it doesnt stop them. Anyone with a problem and/or disease should look up to other people with diseases and fight through the tough times. After reading my essay if you feel that you would like to help out with this disease, you can contribute help to the Spina Bifida association.They also have a detailed website that tells even more facts, information, and locations. These locations include where there are specific hospitals, clinics, etc. that help Spina Bifida victims. This is a very, very, extremely scary disease, and we should help those who need help!!! With all this research that I did, I learned a whole lot more than I knew before about this specific disease, Spina Bifida. I am very, very happy to know that this scary disease is treatable. Just like Cancer I wish to help out the associations by giving donations and supporting their charities. People with Spina Bifida work hard to adapt to the way we live now. They set such great lessons, examples, and messages in helping us move on when something bad happens. This paragraph sounds very corny, but it is true. So many people think that their life is tough, and after writing an essay, researching a disease, etc. you begin to find out how easy we have it in the everyday life. Thank you for taking the time to read my essay on Spina Bifida. I hope that you have learned more about this disease , just like I have!! Resources Home http://kidshealth.org/parent/system/ill/spina_bifida.html http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/4439_1224.asp My Science book pg. 700

The Dangers of Tattoos Essay -- Body Art

Tattoos are becoming a popular phenomenon that is seen everywhere. Today’s youth are getting permanent tattoos to be cool and trendy, but are not considering the long-term effects. Teenagers should be aware of all that body modification may include, it is not just a pretty picture. Adolescences must consider the dangers and conscientious result of attaining diseases, being underage, and having a permanent mark on their body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The unsanitary conditions of getting a tattoo tend to go unnoticed by teenagers. The increase popularity in body art has also caused an increase in the incidences of Hepatitis, especially Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is spread by contact with human blood. Since, the government regulation has not enforced hygiene requirements for tattoo parlors, disease such as Hepatitis C thrive in these environments. Another disease that can be acquired is HIV. The government does not force tattoo parlors to use new needles or to sanitize the old ones. Also, tattoos can get easily infected and leave a scar if not properly taken care of. Sometimes, people die from ink poisoning if too much ink gets into the blood stream. I haven’t even touched on how painful it is to get a tattoo and how painful it will be to obtain a disease. Young adults do not consider the dangers of a tattoo until it is too late.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another problem with getting a tattoo is being underage. Teenagers have to convince their parents that a tattoo isn’t a foolish decision and they really want ...

Gender Discrimination Against Women in the Workplace Essay

Traditionally, women have been considered to be the weaker sex and subordinate to men. Moreover, their roles have been assigned to domestic and childrearing duties. The job market is male dominated, and women are often considered to be out of place therein. Women face considerable sexual discrimination in the world of work, significantly limiting their employment prospects and subsequent advancement in their careers. Women generally find it more difficult than men to acquire a fulltime job. What is more, when they can successfully find work, they often struggle to extend their reaches and advance to higher positions. The jobs women are granted are very often those with low status and correspondingly lower income. As Harolambos (Sociology: Themes and Perspectives) says, â€Å"Women face a number of disadvantages in paid work. Firstly, they tend to be lower paid than men. Secondly, they are more-likely to be in part-time work. Thirdly, they tend to concentrated in the lower reaches of the occupations in which they work. Fourthly, women tend to do particular types of jobs, usually those with low status.† In aquiring a job, it must be remembered that more often than not, the employer is male. Men are the ones in the job market with power and authority, and thus make the majority of the decisions – including who gets hired. As Peter Worsley (The New Introducing Sociology) puts it, â€Å"Within the gendered workplace, it is invariably men who are overwhelmingly in positions of power and authority. It is men who, by-and-large, make decisions.† When prospective female employees are being considered for employment, several biases tend to come into play in the minds of the employers. Firstly, male applicants for the job are often given more preference because it is assumed that they have a wife and family to support. In the view of many employers, the role of women as breadwinners is a subordinate one to that of their husband (if she is married). Added to this fact, women lead more complex social lives than that of men. They often must balance their roles as financial providers and child caregivers. Employers often ask personal questions to female applicants. They aim to obtain background information. This may include her marital status, whether she has any children and their ages, or if she is a single mother. Then they interpret these pieces of information in several, prejudiced lights. For example, if she is married, they assume that her husband is the primary breadwinner and her role will be subordinate. This puts the female applicant at a disadvantage when compared to a male applicant with a â€Å"wife and family to support.† Or they may assume that a single parent mother with a young child may need too much personal time to fulfil her parental roles at the loss to the employer (manifesting as a loss in â€Å"man-hours†). Women – both single and married – may even be asked if they intend to have children at a job interview, perhaps informally. And if they say â€Å"yes†, thoughts of maternity leave, subsidized childcare and their costs immediately spring in the minds of the employer. A woman who leaves her job on maternity leave often runs the risk of not having a job to return to. â€Å"Britain for example, has the lowest rate of maternity leave in the European Union. Sixty percent of women in the United States have no adequate access to such leave.† (David Bender and Bruno Leone, 1989) In Trinidad and Tobago, women had virtually no protection from such discrimination until 2001, when the Maternity Leave Act was passed – guaranteeing that their job would still be available on their return. Many mothers are at pains to find fulltime work. Their parental demands make it difficult to pursue a fulltime career. Employers often make no provisions for them, as well as women returning from maternity leave, in the way of workplace creche and nursery services. Their part-time status means that they earn significantly less. Ironically, they earn less just at the time when they need more funds to support adequate childcare. The jobs women are usually able to get tend to be of low status, and low paying. â€Å"Society has made it such that even if a woman wanted to go against the norms and get a job in the work force she would not get very far. About 75 percent of the jobs in the well paying professions are held by men and even if women are able to get equal jobs as men they still get paid considerably less.† (David Bender and Bruno Leone, 1989) In the professional world, women seem to be trapped in the clerical field, with very few ever reaching managerial positions, even and despite of their having adequate qualifications. In 1950, women composed 30 percent of the workforce. Over 50 years later, this number has increased to 47 percent. Yet, today, women who work full-time, year-round earn 76 cents for every dollar men earn. This is in part due to the limited career options of women compared to that of men, in addition to the usual disparity in pay. Many jobs are so designed, that their â€Å"qualifications† are deterrents to female applicants and favour males. For example, to be a firefighter, you have to pass a strength test – and even if a woman passes, she may still be denied access if she is not of the required height and weight. Thus, such jobs tend to be male oriented. Increasingly however, women are being granted them as old attitudes and norms change. But this has lead to yet another ill – workplace violence against women is on the increase in such careers. It seems that in traditionally male dominated fields, such as the armed forces and the utilities, women earn less only to suffer more. In 2001, 14,170 lost-time injuries or illnesses resulting from assaults and violent acts on women in the American workplace were reported, whereas men suffered from 9,464. Although women compose 47 percent of the workforce, they suffer 60 percent of these attacks. About 36,500 rapes occur in the workplace annually, approximately 80 percent of which occur against women. In 2001, female fatalities in the American workplace as a result of assaults and violent acts numbered 30.8 percent. Men however, had only a 13.9 percent workplace fatality rate due to assaults and violent acts. Without doubt, women are the ones who suffer more from workplace violence. Unquestionably, women experience discrimination in the world of work. Although the prospects for improving the current state of affairs may seem bleak, there is hope. As increasing numbers of workingwomen and their supporters lobby for change, those in authority have started listening. The gender disparity in pay is decreasing and women now have a greater range of career opportunities. Progress has been slow. But considering it requires the changing of norms established from the dawn of society, the advancement has been significant. While gender discrimination may exist for quite some time to come, it can be expected to decrease as time goes on.

Competitiveness And Its Effect On Our Lives - 1261 Words

Competitiveness is the spark that ignites the flames in our minds. It is what governs our very existence, our survival in this world. The world’s motivation to do the best we can and to accomplish what no other has is stimulated by competitiveness. Our relationship with our family, friends, neighbors, community, and the planet is what inspires us to push ourselves to our culminating limits. Many would witness contention amongst children as a detrimental aspect of behavior, while in reality competition is what allows us to excel beyond our accomplishments. Students can set goals for themselves and become proud of the work they achieved when they look at themselves in the mirror and envision the person they have become. When we apprehend the reality of the world, we come to realize that there is little in life for which we do not compete for. Our country, our world, needs to redefine the interpretation of competition and what it means to be successful and unsuccessful in life, p articularly in education. Competitiveness is the process of motivating students by fueling their flame to success. It is the opposition between two forces that contest to achieve the same goal, success. Competitiveness defines us as human beings. The ideology of competition derives from our obligation to surpass others in life. Humans are universally characterized with greed, but in this world, we cannot always have what we want. We have a tendency to want certain things that we cannot have, and as aShow MoreRelatedThe No Child Left Behind Act 2001880 Words   |  4 Pagespupils’ interests in learning and exploring a broad range of content puts more pressure on the public education system to increase student achievement for all student. 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